The Rohingya are a Muslim minority that have lived in Rakhine State (historically known as Arakan) for generations. The history of the region is complex, and not easily summarised. The overview below gives a snapshot of some of the key dates and events that have taken place.
The Beginning
The first historical reference to the Rohingya was in 1799, where Francis Buchanan-Hamilton published his research “Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire”. The book was a survey of the languages spoken in Burma, and also provided important data on the ethno-cultural identities and identifications of the various population groups. [1]
Independence
In 1948, Burma became an independent republic, named the Union of Burma. Sao Shwe Thaik was its first President and U Nu became the first Prime Minister. The new government passed the Union Citizenship Act, acknowledging Rohingya as full citizens of Burma, giving them all the associated benefits. Politicians referred to the ethnic group by the name ‘Rohingya’. [2]
Exclusion Begins
A coup d’etat in 1962 saw General Ne Win come to power. His new regime suspended the constitution and dissolved the legislature. Since this time, successive Burmese governments have claimed that the Rohingya are not from Burma, but are Bengalis who illegally migrated to Burma during British colonial times. Military rule resulted in the oppression of the Rohingya. Overt policies of exclusion such as Operation Nagamin (1977) aimed to “scrutinise each individual living in the state”, “designate citizens and foreigners in accordance with the law” and “take actions against foreigners who have filtered into the country illegally”. The Rohingya were brutally targeted and over 200,000 thousand people fled to neighbouring Bangladesh. [3]
Denial of Rights
In 1982 the Burma Citizenship Law was passed, excluding Rohingya from the country’s list of acknowledged 135 “national races”. They were stripped of any remnants of citizenship and effectively made stateless. Rohingya were denied access to education and employment, and faced unacceptable restrictions on movement, marriage, and having children.
Persecution Increases
Further persecution in 1991 forced over 250,000 Rohingya into Bangladesh. These refugees reported widespread forced labour, summary executions, torture and rape at the hands of the Burmese military regime. [4]
Targetted Attacks
In June 2012, widespread violence broke out in the region as tensions rose between the Buddhist Rakhine and Muslim Rohingya. The government failed to intervene and the violence escalated. Credible reports of targeted attacks and other human rights violations against the Rohingya by the Burmese security forces started to emerge. [5] On 12 July 2012, President Thein Sein openly blamed the Rohingya for the troubles in Rakhine, stating that the only solution to the violence would be to send the Rohingya to other countries or refugee camps.
Citizenship Revoked
The plight of the Rohingya was confirmed in 2013 when Thein Nyunt, Chair of the New National Democracy Party, argued that no changes should be made to the citizenship law. He made no concessions in his defence of the current 1982 law when, declaring: “The citizenship law is intended to protect our race; by not allowing those with mixed blood from making political decisions [for the country], so the law is very important for the preservation of our country.” [6]
Use of Name ‘Rohingya’ banned
Aung San Suu Kyi told the UN special rapporteur on human rights that the government will avoid using the term “Rohingya” to describe a persecuted Muslim minority in the country’s northwest. [7] On 22 June, 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi banned government officials from using the name Rohingya in an attempt to ease tensions between the country’s majority Buddhists and minority Muslims.
New Outbreak of Violence
On 25 August, 2017, a fresh outbreak of violence led to a mass exodus of Rohingya from Rakhine state. Rohingya insurgents armed with knives and home-made bombs attacked more than 30 police posts in northern Rakhine [8]; this led to a severe military crackdown. Terrible stories of mass murder, rape and torture followed. Rohingya accused the military, backed by local Buddhist mobs, of burning their villages and attacking and killing civilians. Myanmar’s military denied targeting civilians, and insists it is fighting only Rohingya militants. An estimated 655,000 people are said to have crossed the border since August 2017. The UN says the Rohingya’s situation is the “world’s fastest growing refugee crisis”.
[1] SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 2003, ISSN 1479-8484
[2] Gregory B. Poling, Separating Fact from Fiction about Myanmar’s Rohingya
[3] [4] Burma Briefing, No.23 April 2013, Burma’s Treatment of the Rohingya and International Law, Burma Campaign UK
[5] Myanmar: Abuses Against Rohingya Erode Human Rights Progress, Amnesty International, 19 July 2012
[6] Islamophobia: Myanmar’s racist fault-line, Aljazeera, 30 April 2013
[7] Aung San Suu Kyi tells UN that the term ‘Rohingya’ will be avoided, The Guardian, 21 June 2016
[8] Myanmar: What sparked latest violence in Rakhine?, BBC, 19 September 2017